<\/span><\/h3>\nInvited address on December 12, 2025, to the Georgetown University – King’s College London Symposium Series<\/strong>, Series 3 theme. Validity, Theory, and Ethics of Process Data in Large-Scale Assessments. <\/em>Organized by Dr. Qiwei Britt He, Georgetown University, and Dr. David Pepper, King’s College London.<\/p>\nAbstract:<\/span> Assessment researchers have typically used process data descriptively, such as to improve prediction, refine classification, or enhance model diagnostics. In this address, I propose an explanation-focused validity framework that positions process data as evidential structures that support explanatory accounts of item responding. From this perspective, process data contribute to validity not simply by increasing model fit, reliability, or precision, but by enabling the development and testing of explanatory models that illuminate how response processes unfold and how these processes relate to the intended construct. This shift\u2014from descriptive use to explanatory inference\u2014centers process data in contemporary validation practice and underscores their role in strengthening the interpretive meaning of test scores.<\/p>\n
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